Electric Storage Association: Each technology has some inherent limitations or disadvantages that make it practical or economical for only a limited range of applications. The capability of each technology for high power and high energy applications are indicated by the following symbols:
RATINGS
Large -scale stationary applications of electric energy storage can be divided in three major functional categories:
SIZE AND WEIGHT
Size and weight of storage devices are important factors for certain applications. Metal-air batteries have the highest energy density in this chart. However, the electrically rechargeable types, such as zinc-air batteries, have a relatively small cycle life and are still in the development stage.
The energy density ranges reflect the differences among manufacturers, product models and the impact of packaging.
CAPITAL COSTS
While capital cost is an important economic parameter, it should be realized that the total ownership cost (including the impact of equipment life and O&M costs) is a much more meaningful index for a complete economic analysis. For example, while the capital cost of lead-acid batteries is relatively low, they may not necessarily be the least expensive option for energy management (load leveling) due to their relatively short life for this type of application.
The battery costs in this chart have been adjusted to exclude the cost of power conversion electronics. The cost per unit energy has also been divided by the storage efficiency to obtain the cost per output (useful) energy.
Installation cost also varies with the type and size of the storage. The information in the chart and table here should only be used as a guide not as detailed data.
NOTES:
LIFE EFFICIENCY
Efficiency and cycle life are two important parameters to consider along with other parameters before selecting a storage technology. Both of these parameters affect the overall storage cost. Low efficiency increases the effective energy cost as only a fraction of the stored energy could be utilized. Low cycle life also increases the total cost as the storage device needs to be replaced more often. The present values of these expenses need to be considered along with the capital cost and operating expenses to obtain a better picture of the total ownership cost for a storage technology.
PER-CYCLE COST
Per-cycle cost can be the best way to evaluate the cost of storing energy in a frequent charge/discharge application, such as load leveling.
This chart shows the capital component of this cost, taking into account the impact of cycle life and efficiency. For a more complete per-cycle cost, one needs to also consider O&M, disposal, replacement and other ownership expenses, which may not be known for the emerging technologies.
It should be noted that per-cycle cost is not an appropriate criterion for peak shaving or energy arbitrage where the application is less frequent or the energy cost differential is large and volatile.
China Sets New Record For Renewable Energy Storage
BYD Co., has completed the world’s largest lithium-ion battery project to bottle wind and solar electricity in China, which will likely see more large energy storage projects as a result of its ambition to add lots of renewable energy.
RATINGS
Large -scale stationary applications of electric energy storage can be divided in three major functional categories:
- Power Quality. Stored energy, in these applications, is only applied for seconds or less, as needed, to assure continuity of quality power.
- Bridging Power. Stored energy, in these applications, is used for seconds to minutes to assure continuity of service when switching from one source of energy generation to another.
- Energy Management. Storage media, in these applications, is used to decouple the timing of generation and consumption of electric energy. A typical application is load leveling, which involves the charging of storage when energy cost is low and utilization as needed. This would also enable consumers to be grid-independent for many hours.
SIZE AND WEIGHT
Size and weight of storage devices are important factors for certain applications. Metal-air batteries have the highest energy density in this chart. However, the electrically rechargeable types, such as zinc-air batteries, have a relatively small cycle life and are still in the development stage.The energy density ranges reflect the differences among manufacturers, product models and the impact of packaging.
CAPITAL COSTS
While capital cost is an important economic parameter, it should be realized that the total ownership cost (including the impact of equipment life and O&M costs) is a much more meaningful index for a complete economic analysis. For example, while the capital cost of lead-acid batteries is relatively low, they may not necessarily be the least expensive option for energy management (load leveling) due to their relatively short life for this type of application.The battery costs in this chart have been adjusted to exclude the cost of power conversion electronics. The cost per unit energy has also been divided by the storage efficiency to obtain the cost per output (useful) energy.
Installation cost also varies with the type and size of the storage. The information in the chart and table here should only be used as a guide not as detailed data.
NOTES:
- The costs of storage technologies are changing as they evolve. The cost ranges in this chart include approximate values in 2002 and the expected mature values in a few years.
- The Metal-Air batteries may appear to be the best choice based on their high energy density and low cost, but the rechargeable types have a very limited life cycle and are still under development.
LIFE EFFICIENCY
Efficiency and cycle life are two important parameters to consider along with other parameters before selecting a storage technology. Both of these parameters affect the overall storage cost. Low efficiency increases the effective energy cost as only a fraction of the stored energy could be utilized. Low cycle life also increases the total cost as the storage device needs to be replaced more often. The present values of these expenses need to be considered along with the capital cost and operating expenses to obtain a better picture of the total ownership cost for a storage technology.PER-CYCLE COST
Per-cycle cost can be the best way to evaluate the cost of storing energy in a frequent charge/discharge application, such as load leveling.
This chart shows the capital component of this cost, taking into account the impact of cycle life and efficiency. For a more complete per-cycle cost, one needs to also consider O&M, disposal, replacement and other ownership expenses, which may not be known for the emerging technologies.
It should be noted that per-cycle cost is not an appropriate criterion for peak shaving or energy arbitrage where the application is less frequent or the energy cost differential is large and volatile.
China Sets New Record For Renewable Energy Storage BYD Co., has completed the world’s largest lithium-ion battery project to bottle wind and solar electricity in China, which will likely see more large energy storage projects as a result of its ambition to add lots of renewable energy.
The Chinese electric car and battery maker finished the 36 megawatt-hours storage farm in December for the State Grid Corporation of China, a transmission company with a massive plan to pair storage with wind and solar power plants, said Micheal Austin, vice president of BYD America on Tuesday. BYD’s batteries will help to store electricity from the first phase of the plan, which includes 100 megawatts of wind and 40 megawatts of solar energy systems in the northern province of Hebei.
State Grid has told BYD that it wants to expand the plan to include 500 megawatts of wind and 100 megawatts solar and build 110 megawatts of storage to bank some of the renewable energy and discharge it when needed, Austin said. Wind, in particular, tends to blow stronger at night, when electricity demand is lower, making it desirable to store it for later use.
“Battery is fantastic because you can charge it for daytime use. It’s a green energy generation site,” Austin said.
The Rise of Energy Storage Market
The growth in wind and solar electricity generation has prompted utilities to consider energy storage as a way to manage supply and demand. Wind turbines and solar arrays only produce power at certain times of the day, and their power output can diminish quickly when the wind dies or the sun hides behind the clouds. That sudden drop is bad news for utilities, which will have to turn up their other, often fossil fuel-based power plants to make up for the shortfall. But a coal or gas turbine takes some minutes to crank out more power. If utilities don’t find other power sources to fill in during that powering-up period, then there could be a brownout or a blackout.
In comparison, power plants that can produce electricity continuously – as long as you feed them fuels such as coal or natural gas – don’t present the same problem for utilities.
Dealing with variable power output isn’t a serious problem for utilities yet because wind and solar make up only a tiny share of the overall energy mix. In Germany, the largest solar energy market in the world, solar accounts for 3 percent of its power supply. In the United States, solar made up less than 1 percent of the power produced in 2010, according to the Energy Information Administration.
But utilities in many industrialized and developing countries are anticipating a growth in wind and solar energy generation as a result of government mandates to increase the use of cleaner energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. China has set some big goals: it upped its solar energy generation target last month to 15 gigawatts by 2015 from the previous goal of 10 gigawatts. It had installed less than 1 gigawatt of solar by the end of 2010. The government promotes solar energy generation by setting higher prices solar electricity to ensure a good return for project developers and owners, a practice that has long be used by countries such as Germany.
China’s plan to add lots of renewable energy means it could be a huge market for energy storage technology, battery companies say. Several American battery companies, such as A123 Systems and ZBB Energy, have formed joint ventures with Chinese companies and developed pilot projects in China. Boston-Power announced an infusion of investments from Chinese investors last fall and is moving the bulk of its operation to China. It’s building a lithium-ion battery factory near Shanghai.
State Grid has told BYD that it wants to expand the plan to include 500 megawatts of wind and 100 megawatts solar and build 110 megawatts of storage to bank some of the renewable energy and discharge it when needed, Austin said. Wind, in particular, tends to blow stronger at night, when electricity demand is lower, making it desirable to store it for later use.
“Battery is fantastic because you can charge it for daytime use. It’s a green energy generation site,” Austin said.
The Rise of Energy Storage Market
The growth in wind and solar electricity generation has prompted utilities to consider energy storage as a way to manage supply and demand. Wind turbines and solar arrays only produce power at certain times of the day, and their power output can diminish quickly when the wind dies or the sun hides behind the clouds. That sudden drop is bad news for utilities, which will have to turn up their other, often fossil fuel-based power plants to make up for the shortfall. But a coal or gas turbine takes some minutes to crank out more power. If utilities don’t find other power sources to fill in during that powering-up period, then there could be a brownout or a blackout.
In comparison, power plants that can produce electricity continuously – as long as you feed them fuels such as coal or natural gas – don’t present the same problem for utilities.
Dealing with variable power output isn’t a serious problem for utilities yet because wind and solar make up only a tiny share of the overall energy mix. In Germany, the largest solar energy market in the world, solar accounts for 3 percent of its power supply. In the United States, solar made up less than 1 percent of the power produced in 2010, according to the Energy Information Administration.
But utilities in many industrialized and developing countries are anticipating a growth in wind and solar energy generation as a result of government mandates to increase the use of cleaner energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. China has set some big goals: it upped its solar energy generation target last month to 15 gigawatts by 2015 from the previous goal of 10 gigawatts. It had installed less than 1 gigawatt of solar by the end of 2010. The government promotes solar energy generation by setting higher prices solar electricity to ensure a good return for project developers and owners, a practice that has long be used by countries such as Germany.
China’s plan to add lots of renewable energy means it could be a huge market for energy storage technology, battery companies say. Several American battery companies, such as A123 Systems and ZBB Energy, have formed joint ventures with Chinese companies and developed pilot projects in China. Boston-Power announced an infusion of investments from Chinese investors last fall and is moving the bulk of its operation to China. It’s building a lithium-ion battery factory near Shanghai.
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